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UNIX File Permissions
Unix/Linux file permissions can be confusing. The basic UNIX permissions come in three flavors;
Owner Permissions : Control your own access to files.
Group Permissions : Control access for you and anyone in your group.
Other Permissions : Control access for all others.
In Unix, when permissions are configured the server allows you to define different permissions for each of these three categories of users. In a Web server environment permissions are used to control which Web site owners can access which directories and files.
What do Unix permissions look like?¶
When viewing your files via the command line using the Unix ls -l command
you will see lines like the following, one for each file and directory:
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 username usergroup 224 13 Feb 10:48 includes
-rw-r--r--@ 1 username usergroup 1060 13 Apr 21:00 index.php
Explanation:
- The first character in the line is d for directory or - for file, or ...
- The next 9 characters are 3 groups of 3 standing for read (r), write (w) and execute (x) or a minus symbol (-) meaning no access for each of Owner, Group and Others.
- The @ symbol is one of a number of possible Extended attributes,
- The number before the user name is the directory depth.
- The two names are the owner username and usergroup,
- The following integer is the file size in bytes.
- The following date has time for recent items or year for older items.
- Lastly is the file or directory name.
In an FTP utility the order may be different and there may be more or less information.
Owner (User) relates to username¶
The Owner (User) is normally you, these permissions will be enforced on your hosting account name.
Group relates to usergroup¶
The Group permissions will be enforced on other people that are in the same group as you, within a hosting environment, there is very rarely other people in the same group as you. This protects your files and directories from being made available to anybody else who may also have a hosting account on the same server as you.
Other relates to everyone else¶
The Other permissions, these will be enforced on anybody else on the server that is either not you or not in your group. So in a Web Serving environment, remembering that no-one else is normally in your group, then this is everybody else accessing the server except for you. Each of the three sets of permissions are defined in the following manner;
r = Read permissions
w = Write permissions
x = Execute permissions
Owner Group Other
r w x r w x r w x
As many of you already know, permissions are normally expressed as a numeric value, something like 755 or 644. so, how does this relate to what we have discussed above? Each character of the permissions are assigned a numeric value, this is assigned in each set of three, so we only need to use three values and reuse them for each set.
Owner Group Other
r w x r w x r w x
4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
Now that we have a value that represents each permission, we can express them in numeric terms. The values are simply added together in the respective sets of 3, which will in turn give us just three numbers that will tell us what permissions are being set. If we are told that a file has the permissions of 777, this would mean that the following was true.
Owner Group Other
r w x r w x r w x
4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
Thus...
4+2+1 4+2+1 4+2+1
= 7 7 7
The Owner of the file would have full Read, Write and Execute permissions, the group would also have full Read, Write and Execute permissions, and the rest of the world can also Read, Write and Execute the file. The standard, default permissions that get assigned to files and directories by the server are normally;
Files = 644
Directories = 755
These permissions would allow, for files;
644 = rw- r-- r--
Owner has Read and Write
Group has Read only
Other has Read only
and for directories;
755 = rwx r-x r-x
Owner has Read, Write and Execute
Group has Read and Execute only
Other has Read and Execute only
Now, things can get a little complicated when we start talking about shared Web Servers, the Web Server software will be running with its own username and groupname, most servers are configured for them to use either "apache" and "apache" or "nobody" and "nobody" as username and groupname. Here is the problem. Your Web Server runs as its own user, and this user is not you or in your group, so the first two sets of permissions do not apply to it. Only the world (other) permissions apply. Therefore, if you configure a permissions set similar to 640 on your website files, your Web Server will not be able to run your website files.
640 = rw- r-- ---
Owner has Read and Write
Group has Read only
Other has no rights
The Web server is assigned no permissions at all and cannot Execute, Write or more importantly, even Read the file to delivery its content to a website visitors browser. If a directory was to be assigned 750 permissions, this would have the same effect, because the WebServer does not even have permissions to read files in the directory, even if the files inside that directory had favorable permissions.
750 = rw- r-x ---
Owner has Read and Write
Group has Read and Execute
Other has no rights
Directories have an extra quirk, if a directory does not have the Execute permission set in the World set then even if Read and Write are set, if the program is not run as the user or group, it will still not be able to access the files within the directory. The Execute setting allows the program to "Execute" commands in the directory, so without it being on the program(in our case a Web Server) cannot execute the "Read" command, thus cannot deliver your file to the users web browser.
How Does this Relate to Joomla?¶
Good question, well in the first instance this would be important during the Web-Installer process. If you can remember back to when you ran the Joomla! Web-Installer, we were looking for specific directories to be designated as writable. We see quite a numbers of posts either stating that there were problems during the install with permissions or asking what permissions are recommended. Some even consider the message, asking for "Writable" permissions to be too vague.
Unfortunately, as the Web-Installer does not know how your server is configured, then it cannot be more specific, however, once you understand the permissions settings and you know a little about Web Serving environments, you will actually find that the term writable is actually very specific and a more than adequate description of what Joomla! needs. Thinking back to the above information, you may remember that there are three places where write permissions maybe set;
Owner Writable
Group Writable
Other Writable
Also remembering that the Web Server generally doesn't run as your own user or in the same group. When you run the Web Installer from a browser, it is the Web Server trying to access the files, thus it is the "Other" permissions that will apply to it. If the "Other" permissions do not allow the Web Server to Read, Write or Execute commands in the Joomla! directories, you will receive the message saying that the directories are not writable.
In this case, you will need to configure the Other permissions to be "7" on the directories listed in the Web Installer. So your total permissions might be something like 757, in the worse case you might need to set 777. These very open permissions maybe reset back to 755 after the installer runs to assist in the security of your directories and files.
757 = rwx r-x rwx
Owner has Read, Write and Execute
Group has Read and Execute
Other has Read, Write and Execute
Just to make things even more confusing, many hosting firms make use of software called phpsuExec or suExec, these tools change the way the Web Server runs, where the Web Server would not normally run as your username, in this case, it does. The use of the other permissions, may not be required, now you may only need to configure directories to be writable to your own username and groupname, this allows directory permissions to be set as 755 or 775 instead of 757 or 777.
755 = rwx r-x r-x
Owner has Read, Write and Execute
Group has Read and Execute
Other has Read and Execute
775 = rwx rwx r-x
Owner has Read, Write and Execute
Group has Read, Write and Execute
Other has Read and Execute
The Web Server will still need to Execute set for the username and Read, Execute groupname permissions set so that it can Execute the Read command on files inside the directory. Again, these permissions may be demoted back to 755 after the Web Installer completes. Thats the basics for directories covered, what about files? This is where things get a little simpler. Most of the files that Joomla! makes use of will be quite happy with the 644 default permissions.
644 = rw- r-- r--
Owner has Read, Write
Group has Read
Other has Read
This is valid if you do not have a need to Write to the files from the Web Server, the same rules apply as for directories if you do have this need. One file that you may like to have "Writable" to the Web Server is your configuration.php file. This is the Joomla! configuration file, if you plan on changing configuration through the Web Admin interface, then this file will need to be Writable to the Web Server.
If your server needed directory permissions to be set to "Other" Writable for the install then this file will probably also need to be 757 or 777. Leaving this file as 757 or 777 is dangerous though, as you are letting everyone have "Write" access, many Web Site exploits take advantage of this fact, so in general it is not recommended to leave this file with these permissions.
If your Web Server has one of the SU tools installed and you only needed to configure 755 on directories for the installation, then you will probably also only need to set 755 or 775 on this file to allow editing through the Admin interface, and these permissions are generally accepted as more secure than 757 or 777.
In conclusion, what permissions should be set for the Joomla! installation? Well, as you can see, it depends!
I know this isn't as helpful as you would have liked and it certainly is not a definitive answer, but in general, after the installation, any insecure "7" settings can be reset back to something more secure. For example:
Files = 644
Directories = 755
These permissions would allow, for files;
644 = rw- r-- r--
Owner has Read and Write
Group has Read only
Other has Read only
and for directories,
755 = rwx r-x r-x
Owner has Read, Write and Execute
Group has Read and Execute only
Other has Read and Execute only
If you have SSH shell access the following commands can be run from the command line to reset all files and directories back to the server defaults of 755 and 644. Change directories to the top directory (" / ") of your Joomla! installation, then run:
find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
If you only have FTP access, this can be a very time consuming job, however, unless you changed more directories during the installation that was requested, you should only need to reset about 10 directories and the configuration.php file.
Keep in mind that to install any extensions or templates after the actual Joomla! installation you may need to elevate the default permissions again on the appropriate directories just for the installation period, you may then demote them again after the add-on is installed.
If you decide to use caching the cache directory will need to be writable by the Web server user to allow it to write its temporary files.
Recursively fix permissions¶
In a terminal window, starting from the Joomla site root, use the following commands to set file and folder permissions to the Joomla defaults.
find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} ; find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} ;
Note: The find command assumes that it should start from the current directory. To be safe, go to your public_html directory and specify a path as the first argument. Some shells, such as bash on Apple OS X, must have a path specified in the find command.
Test all third-party extensions after changing permissions.